Jean Watson theory Essay

Jean Watson’s Philosophy of Nursing NUR/403-Theories and Models of Nursing Practice August 9th, 2010 Introduction Jean Watson’s theories of nursing are instrumental in today’s structure of nursing. Watson’s theories are being practiced in various health care setting all over the world. One of these theories in the nursing process. This entails first assessing patient, planning, intervention and evaluation. There is multitude of research proving these theories to be effective in treating and caring for patients with this consistent approach. In this paper I will dissect her different carative factors learned and that is being practiced. I will discuss different examples of Watson’s theories of caring and its application. This will depict the level of importance and how valuable this approach certainly is. Nursing is also being based on more scientific approaches that Watson’s bases some of her theories. This is consistent with the changing nature of the philosophy of science and history, and the numerous methods for the advancing knowledge of nursing. Watson (19 99) Watson’s Theories Watson’s research is more focused on the caring aspect of it all. Caring is viewed as the moral ideal of nursing where there is utmost concern for human dignity and preservation of humanity as stated by Watson (1999). This focal point of her theory is the foundation in the science of nursing. Watson believed the center idea for nursing are based on various carative factors. These factors include humanistic- altruistic values, systematic use of the scientific problem-solving method for decision making, gratification of human needs, promotion of interpersonal teaching and learning. They also include qualities such as sensitivity to self and others, the need to instill faith and hope, creating trusting relationships, and promoting acceptance, positive feelings, making provisions for a supportive, protective and corrective mental, physical, socio-cultural and spiritual environment. Watson, J., & Foster, R. (2003). One imperative factor is the development of different transpersonal caring relationship. This is the concept of professional involvement with the participation of one’s entire self, using every dimension of a person as a resource in the professional relationship, This depicts a special kind of human caring relationship, a connection with another person, in high regard for the whole person and their sense of being. Human care begins when the nurse enters the space or field of another person, and is able to detect the other person’s condition, spiritually and emotionally, and can feel this condition within themselves, and responds in a way which the recipient feels open enough to convey and share those feelings longing or needed to be shared. (Watson, 1999). She believed that nurses should have and also further develop an approach of humanism, simply being able to convey common human feelings. Her teachings proves that effective caring promotes health in each individual and their well being. Conducive to health is also what a person’s perception of health is, as states by Watson, (1999). Watson believed that everything around us should be conducive to our wellbeing, whether it being creating a wholesome environment or nursing to our specific needs. For example just simply being in a clean environment can improve a person’s overall mood and thus enhancing chances for recovery. The act showing compassion and empathy is also pertinent to for one to achieve wellness. In experience, just the simple act of smiling conveys the feeling of caring. Cara (2003). For example, upon assessing a patient, just greeting them with a warm smile with direct eye contact can be a comforting feeling. It conveys sincerity and starts the process of a trusting nurse-patient relationship. Cultivating sensitivity to oneself and to others. This carative factor explores one’s ability to self assess as well assessing others. This explores the need of the nurse to feel or to begin to feel an emotion as it presents itself. If one’s own feelings aren’t properly developed or one does not know how to channel their own feelings, showing sensitivity to others may not be very successful. These feelings should be developed for one to interact with others on a genuinely sensitive level. Showing sensitivity among one another creates a higher level of  functioning within transpersonal relationships. Watson (2009). An experience I had with a patient comes to mind. A young man admitted to the hospital with multiple infections. He is observed to be very rude, sarcastic and shows a very negative attitude towards himself and his care providers. Upon receiving report about the patient, I felt reluctant in caring for him. The nurse stated he was unappreciative, obnoxious, demanding, and seemed very bitter. Upon greeting him and physically assessing him, I was cautious to thet kinds of questions I asked him. I was especially cautioushow I asked any questions and also my tone of voice. Upon making sure he had all his comforts and all requests were met I offered to share with him some details about my life. He listened keenly and I felt his interest. Soon after, he started sharing with me very personal details of his life as well. As Watson (1999) explained, nurses should spend uninterrupted time with your patients, commonly referred to as â€Å"caring moments.† He was depressed from being in and out of the hospital every other week. He was newly married and had a newborn baby, which he never got to spend time with or was able to help take care of. That quickly gave me insight to why he had such a negative disposition and also enlightened me to the sensitive manner in which he needed to cared with . Self awareness and actualization is an important component in having meaningful intrapersonal relationships. We should all strive to become more sensitive. This makes us as nurses, more authentic, evoking self growth and awareness to others. The nurse promotes health along with a higher level of functioning when meaningful person to person relationships are created. Humanistic/Altruistic system These values begin at a very early age in human beings. These are from shared experiences and lessons taught by ones parents or the environment. Altruism is a selfless concern for the wellness of others. If one is truly selfless in a humanistic manner, it comes from a place of sincerity. Individuals sometimes give of themselves hoping to get in return but the true approach which Watson teaches wishes nothing in return. Watson, J., & Foster, R. (2003). One’s ability to be altruistic is also  dependent on the level of selflessness. For example, working with ill and sometimes demanding patients day in and day out, one can become weary and can feel no need to go the extra mile for the small comfort of an individual’s need. For example, a individual comes in the hospital newly diagnosed with a fatal illness. The patient comes into the hospital alone, he is poorly dressed and does not seem to take very good care of himself hygienically. He does not requests much help. Even when in pain he did not ask for any pain medication. Upon doing my general assessment, it was easy to assess him emotionally as well. He had no family members with him for any support needed. He was weak from the disease process, he just could no longer take care of himself as he normally does. I thoughtlessly help him to get shaved and washed up before getting comfortable in bed. I also lent a listening ear as I asked him necessary questions about his health. I knew having someone help me out in this manner would make a difference in how I felt, so automatically and selflessly I did the same for him. If there is anything I am able to do for others that takes nothing but a simple effort, then I think the gratitude should be from bringing comfort and satisfaction where needed. This philosophy of offering selflessness to others is pivotal in the nursing role. Establishing a helping and trusting relationship. This factor in nursing has been in use for decades. The element of nursing and trust cannot be divided. Watson believed that different modes of communication establishes rapport and brings forth a caring relationship. She believed in the dynamics associated with a helping trust relationship, congruence, empathy and warmth. This means coming together in agreement, being able to put yourself in ones shoes and showing compassion. Communication varies from verbal to nonverbal ways of conveying messages and feelings. This includes actively listening in a warm manner that connotes empathetic understanding. As nurses we must especially listen to the demands of our patients no matter how big or small the need is. It is especially important to deliver on promises to patients. As it is often stated, it is better to under promise and over deliver. As simple as promising a patient to get them a meal and delivering it in a timely manner is a key example for building and maintaining a trusting relationship. Faith/hope The faith and hope factor can be a sensitive area when providing care. To many, It essential for patients to maintain a level of faith and hope. When a patient has nothing else to hold on to in the recovering process, having faith and being hopeful helps them to hold on to life. This is based on each individual’s belief and their perception of faith and hope, as well as the nurse’s understanding. I believe one has to properly assess the individual to whom this advice is being offered. This is imperative to know how well it will be accepted. It also depends on one’s cultural background. We should all be aware and be respectful of each individual’s beliefs and limitations. As stated by Suliman, Welmann, Omer & Thomas (2009), respect is easily acquired until there is a disagreement with what is recommended, at this point respecting the opposing persons choice becomes complex. In the instance that a patient or an individual can no longer rely on modern science for comfort it help to be able to hold on to your thoughts and beliefs otherwise known as hope. When a patient is given a death sentence from a disease process this may be the only thing that brings some peace of mind. For someone to look to you for your opinion at such a vulnerable moment in life means to me that my job is important to say the least. I have had different opportunities to carefully assess my patient and their life situations. This gave me the chance to divulge my opinions in the best acceptable manner suitable to my patients understanding. Conclusion Watsons’s theories has personally broadened my horizons personally and professionally. Researching her theories and concepts of nursing has given me immense insight on how to view and treat my patients in various situations. I find that her concept of caring is truly what the core element of nursing should be, or as she states it is the† true essence of nursing.†Watson, J. (1999). The nursing concepts developed by Watson have been tried and proven both professionally and personally. She provides many useful concepts  for the overall practice of nursing and the overall element of proving care for any individual. Watson ties together common theories in nursing education and thus the caring approach entity emerged. These carative factors can be implemented in any level of health care settings. It gives simple guidance to nursing and provides for better and more quality patient outcomes. Her approach unites all humanistic entities of the mind, body, and spirits for this caring, unique realm of nursing. Watson, J., & Foster, R. (2003). * * * * * * * * * * * * * * References * * Cara, C. (2003). A pragmatic view of Jean Watson’s caring theory. International Journal for Human Caring, 7(3), 51-61. * * Suliman, W., Welmann, E., Omer, T., & Thomas, L. (2009). Applying Watson’s NursingTheory to Assess Patient Perceptions of Being Cared for in a Multicultural Environment. Journal of Nursing Research (Taiwan Nurses Association), 17(4), 293-300. * * Watson, J. (1999). Nursing: Human science and human care, a theory of nursing. Sunbury, MA: NLN Press, Jones and Bartlett * * Watson, J., & Foster, R. (2003). The Attending Nurse Caring Model: integrating theory, evidence and advanced caring–healing therapeutics for transforming professional practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 12(3), 360-365. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00774.x.

Panel Discussion on K+12 in Phil Essay

A news conference or press conference is a media event in which newsmakers invite journalists to hear them speak and, most often, ask questions. A joint press conference instead is held between two or more talking sides. Definition of ‘Press Conference’ A meeting organized for the purposes of distributing information to the media and answering questions from reporters. Normally the press conference is led by the company’s executive management or their appointed press liaison. Given the media’s limited resources, it may be difficult to attract major media attention to a press conference unless the company has a truly unique or newsworthy announcement to share. Press conferences can also be issued in response to addressing public relations issues. Have you ever turned on the news and seen a person speaking to members of the press about a new product, a new player just signed to your home team or the president announcing a new policy? Maybe you saw Michael Vick apologize to fans and dog lovers after he pleaded guilty to the dogfighting charges brought against him. If so, then you’ve seen a press conference in action. A press conference is a staged public relations event in which an organization or individual presen ts information to members of the mass media. Along with the press release, public relations professionals use press conferences to draw media attention to a potential story. Press conferences are typically used for political campaigns, emergencies and promotional purposes, such as the launch of a new product. Presidents have been using press conferences since the Wilson administration to alert the country to their stance on issues or to calm public fears. Political activists hold press conferences to state opinion on proposed legislation, and candidates use them to communicate their stance on important issues. Emergency press conferences are held in response to a crisis or disaster. During the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the mayor of New Orleans, the governor of Louisiana and the president all held multiple press conferences to keep the country abreast of events that occurred, as well as the steps being taken to resolve the situation. Emergency press conferences serve a dual role as both public service and public relations, since those responsible for the crisis can use the press conference to regain public trust. Promotional press conferences are among the most common. Public relations professionals use press conferences to make important announcements to gain coverage in newspapers, magazines, blogs and on TV news broadcasts. Reasons to hold a press conference include: * Introducing a new product * Revealing a new scientific breakthrough * Unveiling a new advertising campaign * Announcing a charity event with a featured celebrity * Acquiring a new player on a sports team * Releasing company financial statements Promotional press conferences offer several advantages, such as the ability to reach all media outlets at the same time while controlling the message. A press conference also can build excitement or anticipation about an event. Press conferences can waste time and money if the story isn’t newsworthy or the press conference is poorly organized and executed. In this HowStuffWorks article, we’re going to explain the ins and outs of planning a press conference, walk you through the key steps, and then explore the emerging trend of Web conferences. Planning a Press Conference Step One: Choosing a Story Not every news or event announcement deserves its own press conference. Press conferences require journalists to travel and set aside time from their busy schedules, so they should be reserved only for stories that are compelling and newsworthy. For a story to be newsworthy, it should satisfy one or more of the following five requirements: * Timing — It’s happening right now * Significance — It’s affecting a lot of people, especially the target audience * Proximity — It’s happening locally or to people with whom the audience relates * Prominence — It’s happening to a famous person or organization * Human Interest — It’s emotional, such as homeless pets or children living with cancer. * A dramatic location that adds to the story * Strong visuals and good photographic opportunities * Having all the key players in one location to make statements and answer questions * Opportunity for individual, post-press conference interviews with key players Step Two: Choosing a Time and Location Journalists work under tight deadlines. If you hold a press conference too close to when a reporter must file his story, he won’t be able to attend. It’s important to research the deadlines of local journalists and plan accordingly. Avoid Mondays and Fridays, because these days are likely to be the busiest for journalists. Mornings are always preferable, since it gives daily newspaper and broadcast journalists more time to write their story. A press conference location is equally important for attracting journalists and serving their professional needs. On-location press conferences can add a dramatic, visual backdrop for an announcement. For example, if a company is donating money to clean a local river, it could hold the press conference at a scenic spot next to the water. Some locations make it difficult to meet the technical and logistical requirements of the media. Some of these are: * Having enough parking for important people and media, including room for large TV production trucks * Availability of a stage, podium and audiovisual aids to present information * Adequate seating for journalists and guests * Enough electrical outlets to plug in computers, cameras and audiovisual equipment * Ample room for TV cameras to set up their shots; perhaps on a raised platform in back * A mult-box that allows media to receive direct audio feeds from one microphone To meet these requirements, it’s sometimeseasier to hold press conferences in dedicated conference rooms, either at an organization’s headquarters, a hotel or in a local press club

Re-segregation Research - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 952 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Politics Essay Type Research paper Level High school Topics: Segregation Essay Did you like this example? In todays society, racism and segregation is viewed as a very controversial and serious issue within in all aspects of American life, but is considered especially problematic in the public-school system. In the article titled School Segregation Is Not a Myth, by Will Stancil, this topic is discussed to point out the dangers of racial inequality and re-segregation in Americas public schools. It was published in March 2018 around the same time as the black lives matter movement and police brutality issues, making it relevant to the current racism controversy within America. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Re-segregation Research" essay for you Create order The article is intended to persuade students and parents of segregated schools, civil rights activists, and relevant government officials to stop re-segregation within the public schooling system. Will Stancil effectively convinces his audience that re-segregation in Americas public schools is prevalent and harmful with the use of pathos, logos, and ethos. The article points out the fact that school segregation is being discussed by scholars and civil rights activists, with some believing that it is happening within Americas public education system, and some not. The author acknowledges the compelling ideas from both sides of the argument, but ultimately believes and claims that re-segregation truly is occurring. Stancil claims that focus shouldnt be placed upon the causes of re-segregation, but more on the harmful effects that it has on the students involved. He believes that civil rights advocates and smart policy makers within the government can reverse this re-segregation, but that the problem will not fix itself. The author appeals to those impacted by school segregation; students attending segregated schools and their parents, with emotion. He does so with negatively charged diction choices in the last few paragraphs of his article. He includes the words deprive, harm, isolation, and reduced achievement when describing the effects that segregation has on the students experiencing it. By using such negative words, the author causes the audience to fear re-segregation of schools and want to prevent it from happening. Stancil also uses specific examples of the dangers of segregation to appeal to his audiences emotion. He explains that segregation within public schooling causes those attending the racially isolated schools to experience, reduced academic achievement, increased exposure to the criminal justice system, and significantly worsened professional and educational outcomes (Stancil, Paragraph 25). Including such specific details about the costs of attending a segregated school instills f ear in his audience. By appealing to the audiences emotions, the author is effectively persuading the readers in his call for action to end re-segregation. Although this emotional appeal effectively persuades the intended students and parents, Stancil must appeal to logic to persuade the civil rights activists and government officials, who are not affected by his appeal to sympathy. Stancil includes statistics regarding the relationship between economic segregation and racial segregation in schools, to provide a logical appeal. He explains a study that shows that economic segregation is truly occurring, and then goes on to point out that racial segregation is interwoven with economics, because those schools that are the poorest tend to be those that are separated by race. By providing statistics on the subject and linking the two issues together, Stancil persuades his audience to believe that his argument is valid and logical. Another way he influences his audiences views with logic is by including an analogy. He tells his audience to, imagine a housing subdivision where almost everyone is white, with a large wall to block out the surro unding neighborhoods that are, heavily nonwhite (Stancil, paragraph 17). He then goes on to explain that this analogy can be helpful to describe the metaphorical walls within the countrys current schooling system. Including this analogy helps the reader understand that the authors ideas are logical and are based solely on facts. This convinces the audience to agree that re-segregation is harmful and must be stopped. Stancils appeal to his audience with logic and facts would be ineffective without proving his credibility as well. He makes himself seem credible by acknowledging and explaining the opposing side of his argument. In paragraphs three through seven he talks about Robert VerBruggen, who is a writer for the National Review. Stancil explains that VerBruggen believes that re-segregation is not a myth due to his extensive research on the topic. By acknowledging the flip side of his own argument, Stancil shows that he has conducted very extensive research about re-segregation within schools and proves to his audience that he knows every aspect on the issue. This persuades his audience to agree with his argument, because it causes them to believe that he is very knowledgeable on the topic and this proves his credibility. Another aspect of ethos that Stancil includes in his article is research. He provides a link to an article called The Data Proves That School Segregation is Getting Worse, fr om a website called Vox.com, and then goes on to summarize the datas findings. By incorporating an outside source and explaining how its content is relevant to his argument, it shows that Stancil has conducted vigorous research for his argument and displays external expertise on the subject. This causes his readers to agree with his argument, because it shows that he is an expert on the topic. These elements that Stancil uses in his article establish his credibility to the readers, causing them to agree with his argument. Stancils use of emotional, logical, and ethical appeals truly helps persuade his readers to agree with his argument about re-segregation being harmful and needing to be stopped. Causing his readers to fear the harmful effects of re-segregation, understand the logical dangers of the issue with the use of statistics and analogies, and proving his own credibility with research and expertise all help to influence the intended audience.

An Unbiased Perspective on Ap Language and Composition Exam Essay Samples

An Unbiased Perspective on Ap Language and Composition Exam Essay Samples The Awful Secret of Ap Language and Composition Exam Essay Samples For those who have access to multiple practice tests, it is possible to even take complete tests at various times in the studying procedure to observe how you've improved and what you still have to work on. Whenever you do take practice tests, it can be of help to find somebody else to assist grade your free-response essays depending on the rubric. You should begin early before the exam to create a superior improvement. If this is the case, you most likely already know there are two parts to the exam. As soon as it is advised that students attend each live class session, students may make arrangements with their instructors to see the recordings and get whole participation credit. AP instructors get a score sheet showing the individual score for every one of their students, in addition to some score info and national averages. As a consequence, such students search for the best essay help to be sure their project is going to be produced at the maximal level in accord with all academic standards. High school students have the ability to take AP courses, in several diverse subjects. The exam is almost always a challenging situation to cope with. This has been shown to be an extremely powerful and fast approach to assist with a writing assignment and find the business done properly. Or maybe you merely need more guidance on the best way to study for AP exams. Ok, I Think I Understand Ap Language and Composition Exam Essay Samples, Now Tell Me About Ap Language and Composition Exam Essay Samples! AP Language and Composition course is a huge deal, and your primary intent is to clearly show your capacity to create decent analysis with an ideal structure and grammar indexes. Students receive a 15-minute reading period to accommodate the extra reading necessary for the question. On the other hand, the student doesn't utilize supportive evidence to achieve that. In general, the full exam is intended to demonstrate student awareness of the way in which an author creates meaning through language usage, genre conventions, and rhetorical choices. It is suggested to look for the one which has a great reputation and offers high-quality papers at very affordable prices. Though we are an agency based in the USA of America, our services extend so far as in Australia. Ap Language and Composition Exam Essay Samples Options Your exam is broken into portions. As soon as you have your resources assembled, you may not be sure how to use them. Citations and extracts from assorted sources have to be formatted properly. The grammar ought to be perfect, and structure should be wholly logical. Ap Language and Composition Exam Essay Samples - Dead or Alive? Order top-notch essay at this time and certified specialists will do their very best to supply you with higher quality at affordable price. Prompt consists of an article that you've got to synthesize . If you can't determine what the question is, return and reread the prompt. This friend will likewise be able to point out grammatical or spelling errors that you may have missed. This upcoming rhetorical essay strategy is the secret to great organization and structure that will place your test anxiety to bed. What's the ideal bit of advice you've received while in high school the aforementioned college essay prompts are from the typical application. The New Angle On Ap Language and Composition Exam Essay Samples Just Released Furthermore, we'll write an essay for you that is representative of the main concepts in your area. Instead, you would like to analyze the essay and be certain your claim is supported. When you compose the essay, you need to choose 1 side to concentrate on. The essay gets clear, assertive, and simple to follow for the examiners. This kind of essay wants a good framework and exemplary support. How to compose an argumentative essay on poetry when you're writing an argumentative essay, you're not only required to provide information but also present.

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1187 Words

The definition of crucible is a difficult test or challenge. Arthur Miller’s play The Crucible introduces the strictly Puritan town of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, quickly overrun with rumors of witchcraft after one scandalous night. Abigail Williams, a young girl and niece of a Reverend, gets caught out one night dancing and conjuring souls. In a reckless attempt to clear her name, Abigail, with the assistance of her friends, falsely accuses fellow townspeople of witchcraft and thus, chaos ensues. In a town such as this, accusing someone of witchcraft gives you a â€Å"shield†, a benefit these manipulative girls take full advantage of. In a desperate attempt to bring justice to those who suffer the accusing finger of Abigail, three of Miller’s most complex characters, Mary Warren, Reverend Hale, and John Proctor, each face their own crucibles in the midst of the witch trials that test their moral strength as individuals and uncover their true selves. To begin, Mary Warren is one of the many girls that accuses several people of practicing witchcraft and aids in getting them convicted. She knows she is doing a wrong, but still she gets caught up in the excitement and thoroughly enjoys the power she discovers she has; she can turn on anyone and the court would believe her without a hint of doubt. Evidently, the weight of her lies make her weak, for she declares: â€Å"I am sick, I am sick, Mr. Proctor. Pray, Pray hurt me not. My insides are all shuddery; I am in the proceedings allShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. 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Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with three types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible by Arthur Miller1085 Words   |  5 Pagesopposes the will of the majority is a recurring feature of drama.† Identify such a conflict in a non-Shakespearean play you have studied and show how the dramatist deals with the implications for both the character and the society. Arthur Miller in ‘The Crucible,’ deals with the internal/external conflicts of protagonist John Proctor, during the witch trials of Salem; showing the effects of â€Å"an individual opposed to the will of the majority.† Through the mass hysteria caused by Abigail, corruption

Managing Organizations and Leading People Liability

Question: Discuss about the Managing Organizations and Leading People Liability. Answer: Line managers implementation of HRM objectives: The plan and progress of HRM practices in an organization are the liability of HR professionals, whereas the line managers are accountable for implementing those HRM practices on the operational work floor. As per Storey (2014), the designing ways of the HRM practices by the HR professionals and the implementation of the same by the line managers play an important role in determining the success or failure of those practices. The line managers implementation process of the HRM practices is primary for employee satisfaction and motivation to that of the design of those practices by the HR people. The role of line managers is crucial in the way they influence employee behaviors and attitudes through translating the designed HRM practices in the best possible way. Their influencing plays a primary role in determining the performance of an organization. The Line Managers do get involved in the process of recruitment and selection, though this function is generally carried out by the HR people (Bratton and Gold 2012). At certain times the line managers do take an active part in decision making even though they do not influence much over such activities. The Line managers have shown an effort to get involved in the developmental activities of the employees. An extended part of the performance appraisal process, the line managers (LM) recognizes the developmental and training needs of the employees. Their increased involvement in such activities boosts employee satisfaction at work and their performance. The LMs also get occupied in career developmental process along with their HR counterparts. The HR people do see LMs as people who do not have the required skill to manage the career developmental activities. (Alfes et al, 2013) have explored the contribution of LMs in structuring the pay and benefits which depends on the situation. Th ey took into consideration the scenario of Edward Hospital Trust, an institution which is partly owned by the government which impacted the limitations within which decisions regarding pay and benefits were to be determined. For example, when the government adduced a policy which is cost-neutral in determining local pay, the line managers had little prospect of exerting an influence. But, the organizations decision to shift towards a framework of local pay to solve a certain operational problem can open the door for LMs to commence and pressurize the content of the framework (Townsend 2014.). This states that the roles of LMs tend to vary and sometimes act as a link between the operational and tactical level of activity. Critically evaluating on drawing on contingency or best fit perspectives to human resource management In the recent scenario, operating organizations persist with their survival for different goals in accordance to the organizational plan and types. These organizations can be categorized as private, public and non-governmental institution. The three have the business of providing quality service. Human resource is the common ground that binds these three organizations. Only a strong financial resource system will not guarantee success for an organization, it is the human resource people who have it in them to bring success. In current circumstances, an organization is shaped in which the human resource of the past is not taken into consideration. Organizations are faced with circumstances that require explanation for thorny challenge of incorporate business and needs of people. It states that the practices of human resource management improve the effectiveness of organizations along with its performance through magnetize, recognize and preserve employees with information and skill and making them perform in a certain way that would support the objectives and mission of the organization. The usefulness of the HRM practices is based on the engenderment of suitable behavior and attitude in employees. In recent times the Hr departments are expected to add to the performance of the organizations and there is a general belief among the organizational people that the process of strategic management depends largely on the degree to which the function of the HR is involved. The best fit approach to strategic human resource management (HRM) investigates the relationship that exists between the HRM and strategic management by judging the control of vertical integration (Stone 2013). Leverage in vertical integration is gained through linking closely the HR practices and policies to the objectives of business and is regarded as the key essential of strategic HRM. The best fit school of HRM centers on the close association between the strategy of the organization and the other systems. According to Paauwe et al, (2012), all the systems of the organization must commence with the strategies in business as it identifies what the company wants to achieve and the level of performance to be demonstrated in order to be effective. The organizational needs of the staff are to be acknowledged through the best fit policies and practices. Best fit practices are based on picking the most valuable HR policies depending on matching them suitably to the environment of the organization. The dependent factors persuade HR strategy comprises of the strategies pursued in business, management skills, economic conditions and industry sector. For best fit, the strategies of organization are first followed by the organizational systems and practices that follow. In the best fit model, the HR manager recognizes first the external fit related to the strategies of marketing and operations and tries to fit them with the strategies of the HR. The system of best fit illustrates a high margin of assurance in agreement to the pay as a motivator. The expectancy theory is followed where it is taken into consideration that people will achieve more and do better if they consider their endeavor will be satisfied through rewards. The best fit practices hubs on the financial aspects and assists it as a driver for commercial human resource. Lincoln Electronic of U.S. applied the best fit strategy aimed at enhancing the abilities of employees along with their business and technical knowledge through considerable investment in the best practices of training method that are globally recognized. Certain training programs for sales trainees are to be conducted along with providing regular vocational trainings for knowledgeable workers. Such actions are considered for supporting and maintaining the best effective objectives generating a competitive advantage and a core competency as compared to industry rivals. Lincolns advancement to train their employees is similar to that of Toyotas immersion training for achieving higher efficiency and superiority. The best fit approach was also implemented by the company in its employee participation program. The company follows an open door policy where there is a direct communication between the management and employees. Effective reward management systems are fair reward management systems. In a business organization, reward management is the way to execute policies and strategies to reward the employees to a fair average according to the organizational values (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). Reward management in business organizations consist of evaluating the remuneration of employees along with other benefits. The main aspiration of the reward management is to compensate the employees in fair manner for their performance. The reason for reward managements existence in organizations is to stimulate employees for better work performance to achieve the pre-determined organizational goals. Reward management comprises of not only the financial rewards but also the non-financial ones like development and training of employees, increase in job responsibility and recognition of employees. Richard Mayer owned a business of air-conditioning and heating in Austin. During the early 90s, the man faced a major problem of cost cutting, as demanded by his customers who were mostly commercial property management businesses. To achieve this cost cutting factor, the commercial management businesses resolute to end their terms with Richard Mayer and employ their own handymen. Lay off of the 200 person odd workforce would have been a bit harsh and Richard did not want it either, instead he made sure to restructure his workers into territories. Each worker was assigned to their own territories by Richard, as if they were operating their own business. Each area director was put through training procedures in negotiating, budgeting, estimation of costs and ways to handle consumer complaints. Richards belief was that his employees, if trained to be technically sounded, ambitious and friendly, could successfully operate as small-town handymen, even after being a part of a large enterpr ise. Richard Mayers idea connected well with his actions and the area directors improved themselves to have a strong sense of pride and ownership in their territories. Scheduling own work, handling own equipments, advertising campaigns and developing their own estimates became an easy affair for the employees. Such rewards were well deserved by the employees. The wages of the employees increased because of Richards program. Before this scenario, an employee working for Mayer used to earn $55,000; this program in its first year has increased his earning figure to $95,000. Richards employees were extremely happy for being rewarded in such a manner and Richard was benefited with a growth of 175% of his business in a period of just 24 months. Internal equity: When being compared to others in the business, the rewards must be valued as fair. Allocation of rewards to the employees should consist of fair and reasonable reasons and criterion for everyone in the organization. Acceptance of such allocation of rewards to employees should come from all the parties in an organization (Marchington and Suter 2013). Consistency is the key in applying those rewards throughout the organization. HR professionals managing compensation programs do keep in mind the legal considerations associated with the reward system. Internal pay within an organization must always be equitable, though the general norm among the organizations is to reward high performers with more money, creating a difference in pay among the employees engaged in same kind of work. HR must be aware of the facts that employees performing the same job should not be paid differently on the basis of gender, color and age as it is against the laws. External equity: The rewards must be perceived as a fair one when compared to those that are being offered outside the organization for such comparable work. External equity is the position that subsists when the pay rates of an organization are equal to the market rates. An employers aim should always be to pay that is required to draw, keep and inspire a fair number of employees who are qualified. The compensation rates are being compared to bring in competitiveness. However, there are people who complicate this process. For example, hiring the head of the administrative department might require the talent for competition to be from a different set of companies than when the organization is hiring a software developer. Employee involvement and participation positively impact on organizational outcomes Employee participation is a way of sharing opinions and decisions among the individuals who hierarchically are unequal. Employee participation can also be defined as a term consisting of two elements; one where grievances are expressed by the employees in facing problems in work process and the second, employees participation in the decision making process of the organization. Only decision making process is not the only way for employee participation, it takes into account the entire welfare of the employees. Over the years the trade unions have been the voice of the employees in most of the countries. Most of the employee concerns are being voiced through their relevant trade unions. The trade unions have played a major part in varying the way the employees are treated in the businesses. The effect of participation and involvement of employees is a diverse phenomenon. Specific organizational goals determine the strategy of employee involvement. Job satisfaction: The job satisfaction of the employees plays an important role in determining the way they carry out their responsibilities and duties. Employees resign when they are not satisfied with their job responsibility. According to Gallie (2013), the Human Resource Management people have been enhancing productivity and developing human capital for a long time through proper employee participation and satisfaction of the employees in performing their jobs. Researchers deem job satisfaction as the inconsistency that exists between the values of an employee and what the situation has to offer to that particular employee. The employees feel much confident about their work and presence in the organization when their decisions are trusted by the management and have a positive result on the businesss outcome. As per Simons (2013), employee participation is the way through which workers can let go their stress, ideas and related concerns of the business. According to certain schola rs, satisfied employees have a propensity to value more and exploit the organizational opportunities provided to them. The Human Resource Manager at Google argues that an organizations improvement or development is not possible unless there is a significant level of employee involvement. Nowadays, most of the employees want to contribute in many other ways than just performing the work as directed by the management. Employee Involvement: Involvement of employees produces an environment that calls for sharing of ideas and innovation with their respective managements. If a certain organization lacks proper employee involvement, the enterprise will face the challenge of employee absenteeism and shortage of staff (Pinder 2014). Researchers have found out through their study that Britain faces a major challenge of non-involvement of their employees in organizational decision making, thus giving rise to low job satisfaction. Such employees do not find the zeal to perform their duties and have poor innovation power. This is an important factor on why employees resign from their jobs and go in search for better opportunities that offers effective employee relation (Cummings and Worley 2014). There are certain employee involvement programs that play their part in encouraging and motivating the employees. Ideas Campaign: Involvement of employees through promotion of ideas campaign can be a major booster for the organization which can be achieved by placing dry-erase boards in each of the departments (Vanichchinchai 2012). Employees having new ideas for smooth running of the business can put their opinions or suggestions on the board. That same employee having the idea or suggestion would be responsible for making it happen. For example, an employee recognizes the fact that in moving parts from one table to another it is consuming a lot of time of the workers having the job to assemble the parts. Her solution is to rearrange the tables one next to another in a long row which get rid of the steps that were required to be taken previously. This idea can be immediately implemented and tested out for two weeks to find out whether there is any increase in the productivity. On successful implementation, the idea can be adopted. Employees generating ideas which are approved and adopted succes sfully by the organizations should be presented with some kind of rewards (Boxall and Macky 2014). Safety Committees: Workplace accidents are a common factor, but reducing the same would help in improving the productivity level and attendance of employees. Safety committees are being implemented at workplaces to attain this goal. Each of the committee members should be given a one year term to serve. There should be a proper place for these safety meetings where involvement of at least one member of management is necessary to consider the suggestions. The suggestions and safety programs should go through the committee members. Contests can be held to find out the department that is injury free for the longest period of time to be handled by the committee. An oil refinery with around 350 employees engages its workers in a lot of ways. The employees of the oil refinery acts as monitors of health and safety related issues allocated to precautionary safeguarding contractors. They are the people responsible for improving and revising the safety work procedures. They comprises of a team that improves and evaluate safety analysis regarding jobs. Suggestion Box: Suggestion Box has long become old-fashioned but a suggestion box with a thrust can involve all the employees from throughout the company. Employees can be informed through company memo that all the suggestions will be read on Mondays. A chosen suggestion will be showcased in the newsletter of the company. The worker who has prepared the suggestion can be rewarded with a two hours off with pay any time she selects in the coming next 30 days. Ritzer refers to as McDonaldization and assess the extent to which it applies as a model of organization used in business across industrial sectors According to Ritzer, McDonaldization comprises of four mechanisms which are efficiency, calculability, predictability and control. Efficiency is the most optimal method for achieving a task. Competence in McDonaldization defines that every organizational feature is geared towards time minimization (Senge 2014). From the viewpoint of a customer, efficiency is realized in the best possible way from being hungry to being full. Efficiency takes into consideration the interests of the industry, but serves as a beneficiary to the customer (Kerzner 2013.). Examples of such can be the ATMs, Voice Mail, salad bars. In the efficiency part customers end up doing what has already been done for them. It is for the privilege part that the consumers pay. As per Ritzer and Dean (2015), calculability absorbs the emphasis part on things which needs to be counted and quantified. Quantification takes into account the propensity to highlight quantity rather than excellence. Examples of this can be: Big Gulp and Big Mac and Biggie Meals. It also takes in the time-quicker factor which is often recognized as being better like Losing weight fast and microwaves allowing, Spending much fewer time in kitchen. Workers in organizations as such are evaluated on how fast they can achieve their jobs and not on the quality they produce. Predictability (Engle 2012), refers to an attempt made to constitute our environment in a way that surprise does not influence our sensibilities. The prime example of predictability is the movie industry which is in the habit of churning out sequel after sequel. Author Tom Clancys success along with many others is a depiction of predictability. People get to follow their favorite programs and characters which assure a predictable profit for producers. Shopping is also a predictable factor, taking place in the malls, often happening in the same stores and layouts. The workers in the organizations go through their daily jobs which is highly repetitive and predictable (Larsen, Manning and Pedersen 2013). Control (Dustin 2016), takes into account the standardized form of people who are often replaced or substituted by the non-human technologies. Ritzers argument was that McDonald, on entering a country unifies the patterns of consumers along with westernizing the local cultures through starting of food chains. The best example for such would be the present day classrooms and schools that are becoming way too familiar with that of the Western world. This signifies the fact that the Western Culture which was focusing on the efficient part of knowledge transfer has been spread across the globe. Compare and contrast contingency theory and strategic choice perspectives on what makes for an appropriate and successful organizational structure Contingency plans are effective in making sure that businesses operate in a smooth manner when posed with difficulties and challenges. The contingency theory takes into account the facts that there is absence of any possible way of organizing a corporation, leading a company or making important decisions regarding the same (Van de Ven et al, 2013). Moreover, the main action course is dependent upon the external and internal situation. In Images of Organization, as depicted by Gareth Morgan, organizations are open systems that require cautious administration to balance the internal needs and to familiarize oneself to the circumstances of the environment. Moreover, there is no best way in organizing things, the appropriateness of the form depends on the task kind or the environment that one is part of. Above everything else, management must apprehend in achieving alignments. Fiedlers contingency model focuses on the contingency model in organizational leadership. This contingency model includes the existing relationship between the style of leadership and the situations favorability (Goetsch and Davis 2014). Three empirically derived dimensions are being described by Fiedler to explain the situational favorableness: Leader-member relationship: is generally high if the leader is well accepted and respected Task structures degree: is generally very high if the task is structured Leaders power position: is generally high if a great covenant of power and authority are properly accredited to the position of the leader. Joan Woodward discovered that manufacturing organizations which were financially successful with varied work technologies differed in terms of management levels and the degree of specialization of worker. Joans view was that certain forms of organization were appropriate for certain technologies of work. The size of the organization is another contingent factor to have an impact on the effectiveness of the organizations. Small organizations can be informal in their work process and structure, whereas for big organizations things have to be in formalized shape (Battilana and Casciaro 2012). Small organizations can be controlled by the owner himself, but in case of larger organizations it necessitates a complex and control mechanism which is indirect in nature. The strategic choice perspective (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014) is a systematic theory. The main idea of the theory is to build a belief of interaction in which negative aspects are taken into consideration in order to attain the goals. Problem is not with the predictions that are being made. The analysis part is done at the macro level of the organization in which the cause and effect factors are associated with each other in a linear manner. Little attention is provided to the micro-diversity whereas the interaction part is taken as an uniform manner and harmonious. The strategic choices made forms a part of the learning process in an organization that takes into account both the external environment as well as the internal situation related to politics. It can be so difficult to change organizational culture. Changing an organizational structure is never an easy job. The present scenario will throw a lot of such companies who successfully wants to achieve the goal of changing culture but have failed to attain the same (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). Even if there are certain success stories down the line, it is only a part that has been successfully altered. This gives rise to the question on why is it difficult to change an organizational culture. The answer can only be that people are habitual by nature. Changes of such sort can be good, but then it has to overcome the barrier of peoples comfort level and daily routines. Another important aspect can be people not understanding the procedure or importance of creating an organizational structure, thus not putting much effort in areas that needs more attention and nurturing in order to have a healthy organizational culture. It is important from an individual or a groups point of view to know the culture that already exists in an organization and which needs to be changed. The final goal of transformation is an important factor that needs to be known in order to bring in a cultural change in the organizations (Schneider, Ehrhart and Macey 2013). Often it happens that bringing in smaller changes can affect the bigger picture and it is only possible if the people who are assigned for that particular job know in full details on what the existing culture is all about. Change can only be possible if one knows what exists before. Changing the culture of an existing organization is a hard job. It requires a lot of shifting which forces the employees to discard the old assumptions, values and other routine works before incorporating to the new changes in their normal agenda (Daft 2012). For a change to happen in the organizational culture, company executives need to offer a persistent support along with a well structured and executed training program. Examples of such a scenario can be when a new chief executive gets selected from outside the organization. In such circumstances two things can follow; either a substantial period will follow with modest changes taking place till the time the chief executive gets to know about the organization, or a stressful period along with personnel turnover while a new business culture gets developed. According to Nielsen and Randall (2012), at times change becomes inevitable, and organizations under extreme pressure do get inclined towards that changes and such pressures can be either external to the association or a consequence of a very tough leadership. Mr. Ramsford, the president of PSB College, hired his cousin Peter, whose selection raised a few eyebrows and became a worrying factor among the college staffs. Peter made his way from the high-tech university. At PSB people never felt anything needs a change. In the first month at PSB, Peter made a few changes regarding the dress code and policies regarding the dining policies. Wearing jeans or eating at their desks during class time became prohibited. The main idea of Peter was to create an environment that could attract a new target market of students. The staff at PSB was pretty used to their old ways and attitudes, so much so that they became aggrieved to small changes. They stick together refused to change their ways and habits. One morning when Peter was making his way through the hallways, he observed that Professor William was having his burger while working with a science student. Later that day he noticed Professor Matthew wearing flip-flops during a sociology lecture. Eve n Mr. Ramsford was marked wearing his preferred Hawaiian shirt on campus. The staff of the college looked up to Mr. Ramsford whose relaxed attitude and behavior created a casual work environment. The culture needed a change and the changes were being met with resistance. The influence that social and cultural factors can have upon any attempt at planned organizational change Organizations have to adjust for certain social and cultural environmental changes. Social changes can take place for things like spreading of knowledge and education, and efforts taken in by the government (Cummings and Worley 2014). Social factors like providing equal opportunities to women, equal work pay are some of the challenges that the management faces in the current scenario. The management has to pursue definite social norms in structuring its marketing, employment and certain other policies. An organizational cultural change necessitates some insights to what the existing culture is all about and how altering it can bring about a meaningful change. Organizational Structures: This is about the hierarchy, or who reports to whom and why Rituals and routines: Group interactions are prepared in a business setting, the simple example being having meetings on a weekly basis. The sex of the employee: This does affect an organizational culture. There are certain organizations where there is still male dominance over their female counterparts. Male employees are generally very aggressive whereas the female are rather caring and softhearted. The foremost factor influencing culture is the individuals work process with an organization. In their own way the employees contribute to the workplaces culture. Attitudes, mentalities, perception of employees also affect the organizations culture. Examples: Defense background people generally follow a strict culture where their employees abide by the policies and guidelines. They are never late to work. The mindset of employees generally forms the culture of the place. Youngsters in an organization promote healthy competition. Certain procedures and strategies are designed in a way to attain the objectives of the organization that contributes to its culture. Fast paced industries such a s event management and advertising anticipate their employees to be more considerate, belligerent and actively hyper. Reference: Alfes, K., Truss, C., Soane, E.C., Rees, C. and Gatenby, M., 2013. 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Hrebiniak, L.G., 2013.Making strategy work: Leading effective execution and change. FT Press. Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Larsen, M.M., Manning, S. and Pedersen, T., 2013. Uncovering the hidden costs of offshoring: The interplay of complexity, organizational design, and experience.Strategic Management Journal,34(5), pp.533-552. Marchington, M. and Suter, J., 2013. Where Informality Really Matters: Patterns of Employee Involvement and Participation (EIP) in a Non?Union Firm.Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society,52(s1), pp.284-313. Nielsen, K. and Randall, R., 2012. The importance of employee participation and perceptions of changes in procedures in a teamworking intervention.Work Stress,26(2), pp.91-111. Paauwe, J.A.A.P., Boon, C.O.R.I.N.E., Boselie, P.A.U.L. and Hartog, D., 2012. 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Subtlety Plays A Most Significant Role In The Setting Of The Lottery.

Subtlety plays a most significant role in the setting of "The Lottery." The setting set forth by Shirley Jackson in the beginning of the short story creates a mood of peacefulness and tranquillity. It also creates a visual image in the mind of the reader, the image of a typical town on a normal summer day. Shirley Jackson effectively uses setting in "The Lottery" to foreshadow an ironic ending. This is developed through a description of the physical setting, a general description of the residents, subtle hints throughout the story and the names of the main characters. These concepts all give the reader a better understanding of the setting and therefore a more enjoyable read. Shirley Jackson begins "The Lottery" by establishing the setting, she also comments that school has just been recently let out for summer break, allowing the reader to infer that it is early summer. The setting of the town is described by the author as that of any normal rural community. She describes the grass as richly green and that the flowers were blooming profusely." These descriptions of the surroundings give the reader a serene feeling about the town. These descriptions make the reader comfortable about the surroundings, as if there is nothing wrong in this quaint town. In the first paragraph, Shirley Jackson describes the town to her readers very generally. The town is mentioned in the opening paragraph, where she sets the location in the town square. The town square is an important location for the beginning and ending of the story will all occur there, witch leaves the impression of a full and complete story. Also, Shirley Jackson successfully creates a comfortable atmosphere while describing the residents of the town. She describes the children gathering together and breaking into boisterous play." When the children are described to the reader, it is mentioned that they are gathering rocks. This is ironic because they will use the rocks to kill a member of their town. The men are described as gathering together and talking about planting and rain, tractors and taxes." The women of this community were exchanging bits of gossip." All three activities are common to today's society. These descriptions give the reader a wider perspective of the setting and a deeper outlook into the development of the story. Up to this point in the story Shirley Jackson has not pointed out anything out of the ordinary that would reflect an ironic ending. However, upon further reading, Shirley Jackson gives the reader hints about the unusualness of this town. First, she sets the time of day to be midmorning. Why would the town have a lottery during the day? Further, she fails to describe a church or courthouses which are common buildings to all communities. Is there no protection for the citizens? She points out the fact that the children are building a great pile of stones in one corner of the square." These points should lead the reader to consider that this town is far from normal. Still, most readers believe this town is peaceful. The introduction of the black box is a key turning point for the mood. The black box symbolizes an immoral act to the villagers. This is evident in the fact that the villagers kept their distance from the black box. After the introduction of the black box the villagers become uneasy. The black box is the key that changes the mood from serene and peaceful to ominous. Further foreshadowing by the author leads the reader to consider the town to be odd and peculiar. For instance, the names of the residents foreshadow unfavorable events about to occur. The lottery is conducted by Mr. Summers, the time of year the lottery takes place. Mr. Summers is helped by Mr. Graves, who has often stored the black box for the lottery. Graves is a name commonly associated with death. Hutchison is used because Shirley Jackson wants her reader to relate themselves to this common name. These names foreshadow what is about to occur. The death of an innocent woman, in the name of tradition. Shirley Jackson creates the mood of a typical town on a normal summer morning. This setting creates an atmosphere of tranquillity and